Palestine - Asia Phones

Palestina -

Map of the West Bank.

Map of the Gaza Strip.

Map showing the West Bank and Gaza Strip in relation to central Israel (situation of 2007

Following the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993, portions of the territories have been governed in varying degrees by the Palestinian Authority. Israel does not consider East Jerusalem nor the former Israeli - Jordanian no man's land (the former was annexed in 1980, and the latter was annexed in 1967) to be parts of the West Bank. Israel says that both fall under full Israeli law and jurisdiction as opposed to the approximately 58% of the Israeli-defined West Bank that is ruled by the Israeli Judea and Samaria Civil Administration. This claim has not been recognized by any other country, based on unilateral annexation of territory being prohibited by customary and conventional international law. -

- Name

There are disagreements over what the Palestinian territories should be called.

The United Nations, the International Court of Justice, the European Union, International Committee of the Red Cross and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Brita - Northern Ireland all refer to the "Occupied Palestinian Territories". ^{- 6 ] - -
^{- 7 ] - - Journalists also use the description to indicate lands outside the Green Line .^] The term is often used interchangeably with the term occupied territories, although this term is also applied to the Golan Heights, which is internationally recognized as part of Syria and not claimed by the Palestinians. The confusion stems from the fact that all these territories were captured by Israel during the 1967 Six-Day War and are treated by the UN as territory occupied by Israel.}}

Other terms used to describe these areas collectively include 'the disputed territories', 'Israeli-occupied territories', and 'the occupied territories'. Further terms include "Yesha" (Judea-Samaria-Gaza), Yosh (Judea and Samaria), the Katif Strip (Gaza Strip), "liberated territories", "administered territories", "territories of undetermined permanent status", "1967 territories", and simply "the territories".

Many Arab and Islamic leaders,^{who? ]} including some Palestinians,^{who? ]} use the designation 'Palestine' and 'occupied Palestine' to imply a Palestinian political or religious claim to sovereignty over the whole former territory of the British Mandate west of the Jordan River, including all of Israel. Many^{who? ]} of them view the land of Palestine as an Islamic Waqf (trust) for future Muslim generations. A parallel exists in the aspirations of David Ben-Gurion, ^{- 10 ] - - Menachem Begin,
^{- 11 ] - -
^{- 12 ] - - and other Zionists and Jewish religious leaders^{who? ]} to establish Jewish sovereignty over all of Greater Israel in trust for the Jewish people.}}}

Many Israelis ^{who? ]} object to the term "occupied Palestinian territories", and similar descriptions, because they maintain such designations disregard legitimate Israeli claims to parts of the West Bank and Gaza, or prejudice negotiations involving possible border changes, arguing that the armistice line agreed to after the 1948 Arab-Israeli War was not intended as a permanent border. Dore Gold wrote, "It would be far more accurate to describe the West Bank and Gaza Strip as "disputed territories" to which both Israelis and Palestinians have claims." ^{- 15 ] - -}

- Boundaries

Borders of Israel

The Palestinian territories consist of two (or perhaps three) distinct areas:the Gaza Strip, the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Israel regards East Jerusalem not to be a part of the West Bank, but regards it is as part of a unified Jerusalem, which is unilaterally considered the Capital of the state. The eastern limit of the West Bank is the border with Jordan. The Israel - Jordan peace treaty defined that border as the international border, and Jordan renounced all claims to territory west of it. The border segment between Jordan and the West Bank was left undefined pending a definitive agreement on the status of the territory. ^-

The southern limit of the Gaza Strip is the border with Egypt. Egypt renounced all claims to land north of the international border, including the Gaza Strip, in the Israel-Egypt peace treaty. The Palestinians were not parties to either agreement.

In any event, the natural geographic boundaries for the West Bank and the Gaza Strip are the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, respectively.

It is now generally accepted, at least as a basis for negotiation between the sides, that the boundaries between the West Bank and the Gaza Strip and the State of Israel are what has historically been referred to as the Green Line. The Green Line represents the armistice lines under the 1949 Armistice Agreements, which brought an end to the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and expressly declared armistice lines, not international borders.

Between the Armistice of 1949 and the Six-Day War of 1967, the West Bank and East Jerusalem were occupied and annexed by Jordan and the Gaza Strip was occupied (but not annexed) by Egypt. The term "Palestinian" began to be applied exclusively to the Arab population of these areas only after Israel's victory in the 1967 War, and consequently the terms "Palestinian territories" and "occupied Palestinian territories" also gained wide usage. Until the start of serious negotiations for a settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian issues (the Peace Process), the Palestinians refrained from defining the boundaries of what they called "the occupied territories," and which some even called "occupied Palestine", which implied a potential Palestinian claim to the whole of Israel. It was in the context of the negotiations that the term "1967 borders" came to be used, as a basis for negotiation. "The 1967 borders" are in fact the 1949 armistice lines (which is the Green Line), which all Arab countries and Palestinians at the time insisted were to be temporary and with no other legal status. The Palestinian negotiators claim a return to those lines as the boundary for a future Palestinian state. The Palestinians also claim that East Jerusalem is a part of the occupied West Bank within the boundaries of the "1967 borders". The Arab League has supported these boundaries as the borders of the future State of Palestine in the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative.

- History

History of the Southern Levant

claimed area of Palestine by United Nations (Green and Light Coral color

In 1922 after the collapse of the Ottoman Empire that ruled Greater Syria for four centuries (1517 - 1917), the British Mandate for Palestine was established. Large-scale Jewish immigration from abroad, mainly from Eastern Europe took place during the British Mandate, though Jewish immigration started during the Ottoman period. ^{- The future of Palestine was hotly disputed between Arabs and Jews. In 1947, the total Jewish ownership of land in Palestine was 1,850,000 dunams or 1,850 square kilometers, which is 7.04% of the total land of Palestine.
- Public property or "crown lands", the bulk of which was in the Negev, belonging to the government of Palestine may have made up as much as 70% of the total land;with the Arabs, Christians and others owning the rest.
-}

The 1947 United Nations Partition Plan proposed a division of Mandate Palestine between an Arab and a Jewish state, with Jerusalem and the surrounding area to be a corpus separatum under a special international regime. The regions allotted to the proposed Arab state included what became the Gaza Strip, and almost all of what became the West Bank, as well as other areas.

The Partition Plan was passed by the UN General Assembly on November 1947. The Partition Plan was accepted by the Jewish leadership, but rejected by the Arab leaders. The Arab League threatened to take military measures to prevent the partition of Palestine and to ensure the national rights of the Palestinian Arab population. One day before the expiration of the British Mandate for Palestine, on 14 May 1948, Israel declared its independence within the borders of the Jewish State set out in the Partition Plan. US President Harry Truman recognized the State of Israel de facto the following day. The Arab countries declared war on the newly formed State of Israel heralding the start of the 1948 Arab-Israeli War.

After the war, which Palestinians call the Catastrophe, the 1949 Armistice Agreements established the separation lines between the combatants, leaving Israel in control of some of the areas designated for the Arab state under the Partition Plan, Transjordan in control of the West Bank and East Jerusalem, Egypt in control of the Gaza Strip and Syria in control of the Himmah Area.

In 1950 Jordan annexed the West Bank and East Jerusalem. Only the United Kingdom formally recognized the annexation of the West Bank, de facto in the case of East Jerusalem. - In the Gaza Strip the Arab League formed the All-Palestine Government, which operated under Egypt occupation.

Article 24 of the Palestinian National Charter of 1964, which established the Palestine Liberation Organization - stated:"This Organization does not exercise any territorial sovereignty over the West Bank in the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, on the Gaza Strip or in the Himmah Area" (ie. the areas of the former Mandate Palestine controlled by Jordan, Egypt and Syria respectively).

Israel captured both territories in the 1967 Six-Day War, besides other territory belonging to Egypt and Syria. Since then these territories have been designated Israeli-occupied territories. Immediately after the war, on June 19, 1967, the Israeli government offered to return the Golan Heights to Syria, the Sinai to Egypt and most of the West Bank to Jordan in exchange for peace. At the Khartoum Summit in September, the Arab parties responded to this overture by declaring "no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel and no negotiations with Israel." ^-

UN Security Council Resolution 242 introduced the "Land for Peace" formula for normalizing relations between Israel and its neighbors. This formula was used when Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in 1979 in exchange for a peace treaty. While that treaty mentioned a "linkage" between Israeli-Egyptian peace and Palestinian autonomy, the formerly Egyptian-occupied territory in Gaza was excluded from the agreement, and remained under Israeli control.

The Oslo Accords of the early 1990s between the Palestine Liberation Organization and Israel led to the creation of the Palestinian Authority. This was an interim organization created to administer a limited form of Palestinian self-governance in the territories for a period of five years during which final-status negotiations would take place. The Palestinian Authority carried civil responsibility in some rural areas, as well as security responsibility in the major cities of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Although the five-year interim period expired in 1999, the final status agreement has yet to be concluded despite attempts such as the 2000 Camp David Summit, the Taba summit, and the unofficial Geneva Accords.

In 2005, Israeli forces withdrew from the Gaza Strip, ceding full effective internal control of the territory to the Palestinian Authority.

Since the Battle of Gaza (2007) the two separate territories, the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, are divided into a Hamas leadership in the Gaza Strip and a Fatah civil leadership in the autonomous areas of the West Bank. Each sees itself as the administrator of all Palestinian territories and does not acknowledge the other one as the official government of the territories. The Palestinian territories have therefore de facto split into two entities.

- Political status

State of Palestine

The political status of the territories has been the subject of negotiations between Israel and the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) and of numerous statements and resolutions by the United Nations. (See List of United Nations resolutions concerning Israel.) Since 1994, the autonomous Palestinian National Authority has exercised various degrees of control in large parts of the territories, as a result of the Declaration of Principles contained in the Oslo Accords. The United States government considers the West Bank and Gaza as a single entity for political, economic, legal and other purposes. ^{- 23 ] - - The State Department and other US government agencies, such as USAID West Bank and Gaza,
^{- 24 ] - - have been tasked with projects in the areas of democracy, governance, resources, and infrastructure. Part of the USAID mission is to provide flexible and discrete support for implementation of the Quartet Road Map.
^{- 25 ] - - The Road Map is a internationally-backed plan that calls for the progressive development of a viable Palestinian State in the West Bank and Gaza. Participating states provide assistance through direct contributions or through the Palestinian State account established by the World Bank.
^{- 26 ] - -}}}}

After Hamas won a majority of seats in elections for the Palestinian Parliament, the United States and Israel instituted an economic blockade of the Gaza Strip. ^{- 27 ] - -
^{- 28 ] - - When that failed to topple the new government, a covert operation was launched to eliminate Hamas by force.
^{- 29 ] - -
^{- 30 ] - - The covert initiative was exposed when confidential State Department documents were accidentally leaked by the US envoy. The talking points delivered to the Fatah leadership said:

Hamas should be given a clear choice, with a clear deadline:they either accept a new government that meets the Quartet principles, or they reject it. The consequences of Hamas’ decision should also be clear:If Hamas does not agree within the prescribed time, you should make clear your intention to declare a state of emergency and form an emergency government explicitly committed to that platform.}}}}

Since the Battle of Gaza (2007), the administration of the territories has been contested by two rival factions of the Palestinian National Authority, with Hamas controlling the Gaza Strip and Fatah continuing to administer the West Bank. Both groups claim legitimacy over leadership of the Palestinian territories. Most countries with an interest in the issues, including most of the Arab countries, recognize the administration of Mahmoud Abbas as the legitimate government over both Palestinian territories.

During Operation Cast Lead the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1860 (2009), which said that the Gaza Strip constitutes an integral part of the territory occupied in 1967 that will be a part of the Palestinian state. ^{- 33 ] - -}

- Legal status

Part of a series on

- Palestinians

Palestinian family from Ramallah, c. 1905

Demographics

Definitions

Palestine -
People

Diaspora
Territories

Refugee camps
West Bank (geography)
Gaza Strip (geography)
Electoral districts
Governorates
Arab localities in Israel
Arab citizens of Israel
Cities

East Jerusalem
Depopulated villages

Politics

Hamas

PLO
PNC

PLC

PFLP

Palestinian National
Authority (PNA)

Political parties in the PNA
Palestinian flag

Law

Religion / Religious sites

Islam

Christianity

Judaism
Dome of the Rock
Al-Aqsa Mosque
Great Mosque of Gaza
Cave of the Patriarchs
Church of the Holy Sepulchre
Church of the Annunciation
Church of the Nativity
Joseph's Tomb

Rachel's Tomb
Lot's Tomb

Nabi Samwil

Culture

Art

Costume and embroidery
Cinema

Cuisine

Dance
Handicrafts

Language
Literature

Music

Notable Palestinians

Mahmoud Abbas
Ibrahim Abu-Lughod
Naji Al-Ali

Hany Abu-Assad
Hanan Ashrawi

Rim Banna
Tawfiq Canaan
Mahmoud Darwish
Emile Habibi

Ismail Haniya
Atallah Hanna

Faisal Husseini
Mohammed Amin al-Husseini
Abd al-Qader al-Husseini
Ghassan Kanafani
Ghada Karmi

Leila Khaled
Walid Khalidi

Ahmad Shukeiri
Edward Said

Khalil al-Sakakini
Elia Suleiman

Fadwa Touqan
Ibrahim Touqan

Khalil al-Wazir
Ahmed Yassin

May Ziade
Wael Zwaiter

v - - d - - e -

International law and the Arab-Israeli conflict, Political status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip, and Status of territories captured by Israel

The final status of the "Palestinian territories" as becoming (wholly or largely) an independent state for "Arabs" is supported by the countries that back the Quartet's "Road map for peace". The government of Israel also accepted the road map but with 14 reservations. ^{- 34 ] - -}

The Palestinian position is that the creation and the presence of Israeli settlements in those areas is a violation of international law. This has also been affirmed by a majority of members of the Geneva convention:"12. The participating High Contracting Parties call upon the Occupying Power to fully and effectively respect the Fourth Geneva Convention in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, including East Jerusalem, and to refrain from perpetrating any violation of the Convention. They reaffirm the illegality of the settlements in the said territories and of the extension thereof. They recall the need to safeguard and guarantee the rights and access of all inhabitants to the Holy Places."

Israel contends that the settlements are not illegal and the occupation is not illegal, and views the territory as being the subject of legitimate diplomatic dispute and negotiation under international law. ^{- 36 ] - -
^{- 37 ] - - However, Article 47 of the Fourth Geneva Convention prohibits any change of status in occupied territory concluded through negotiations between the occupying power and local authorities under occupation. Critics point out that implementation of the Oslo Accords has not improved conditions for the population under occupation.
^{- 38 ] - -}}}

East Jerusalem, captured in 1967, was unilaterally annexed by Israel. The UN Security Council Resolution 478 condemned the Jerusalem Law as "a violation of international law". This annexation has not been recognized by other nations, although the United States Congress declared its intention to recognize the annexation (a proposal that has been condemned by other states and organizations). Because of the question of Jerusalem's status, no states base their diplomatic missions there and treat Tel Aviv as the capital. ^{- 39 ] - - Israel asserts that these territories are not currently claimed by any other state, and that Israel has the right to control them.}

Israel's position has not been officially accepted by most countries and international bodies. The West Bank, and the Gaza Strip have been referred to as occupied territories (with Israel as the occupying power) by Palestinian Arabs, ^{- 40 ] - - the rest of the Arab bloc, the UK,
^{- 41 ] - - the EU, (usually) the USA (5,
6), both the General Assembly and the Security Council of the United Nations,
- 42 ] - - the International Court of Justice, the Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention, and the Israeli Supreme Court (see Israeli West Bank barrier).}}

Some countries and international figures seem to have accorded some credibility to Israel's position. Former U.S. President George W. Bush stated, during his presidency, that he did not expect Israel to return entirely to pre-1967 borders, due to "new realities on the ground." ^{- 44 ] - - However, the longstanding policy of the United States called upon Israel to offer territorial compensation.
^{- 45 ] - -}}

Both U.S. President Bill Clinton and U.K. Prime Minister Tony Blair, who played notable roles in attempts at mediation, noted the need for some territorial and diplomatic compromise on this issue, based on the validity of some of the claims of both sides. ^{- 46 ] - -
^{- 47 ] - - One compromise offered by Clinton would have allowed Israel to keep some settlements in the West Bank, especially those in large blocks near the pre-1967 borders of Israel. In return, Palestinians would have received concessions of land in other parts of the country.
^{- 48 ] - -}}}

The United Nations did not declare any change in the status of the territories as of the creation of the Palestinian National Authority between 1993 and 2000, although a 1999 U.N. document ^{- 40 ] - - implied that the chance for a change in that status was slim at that period.}

During the period between the 1993 Oslo Accords and the Second Intifada beginning in 2000, Israeli officials claimed that the term "occupation" did not accurately reflect the state of affairs in the territories. During this time, the Palestinian population in large parts of the territories had a large degree of autonomy and only limited exposure to the IDF except when seeking to move between different areas. Following the events of the Second Intifada, and in particular, Operation Defensive Shield, most territories, including Palestinian cities (Area A), are back under effective Israeli military control, so the discussion along those lines is largely moot.

In the summer of 2005, Israel implemented its unilateral disengagement plan;about 8500 Israeli citizens living in the Gaza Strip were forcibly removed from the territory;some received alternative homes and a sum of money. The Israel Defense Forces vacated Gaza in 2005, but invaded it again in 2006 in response to rocket attacks and the abduction of Israeli soldier Gilad Shalit by Hamas.

In January 2010, King Abdullah of Jordan, after a meeting with the Israeli president Shimon Peres at the World Economic Forum in Davos, declared that his country does not want to rule the West Bank and that "the two-state solution" to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict was the only viable option. If rule over the territory was to be transferred to the kingdom, it would only "replace Israeli military rule with Jordanian military rule. and the Palestinians want their own state." ^{- 49 ] - -}

- Governorates structure

Governorates of Palestine

Governorates of the Palestinian National Authority

The Constitution of the League of Arab States says the existence and independence of Palestine cannot be questioned de jure even though the outward signs of this independence have remained veiled as a result of force majeure. ^{- 50 ] - - The League supervised the Egyptian trusteeship of the Palestinian government in Gaza after the termination of the British Mandate and secured assurances from Jordan that the 1950 Act of Union was "without prejudice to the final settlement".
^{- 51 ] - -
^{- 52 ] - -}}}

By the 1988 declaration, the PNC empowered its central council to form a government-in-exile when appropriate, and called upon its executive committee to perform the duties of the government-in-exile until its establishment. ^{- 53 ] - -}

Under the terms of the Oslo Accords signed between Israel and the PLO, the latter assumed control over the Jericho area of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip on 17 May 1994. On September 28, 1995, following the signing of the Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and Gaza Strip, Israeli military forces withdrew from the West Bank towns of Nablus, Ramallah,, Jericho, Jenin, Tulkarem, Qalqilya and Bethlehem. In December 1995, the PLO also assumed responsibility for civil administration in 17 areas in Hebron. ^{- 54 ] - - While the PLO assumed these responsibilities as a result of Oslo, a new temporary interim administrative body was set up as a result of the Accords to carry out these functions on the ground:the Palestinian National Authority (PNA).}

An analysis outlining the relationship between the PLO, the PNA (or PA), Palestine and Israel in light of the interim arrangements set out in the Oslo Accords begins by stating that, "Palestine may best be described as a transitional association between the PA and the PLO." It goes on to explain that this transitional association accords the PA responsibility for local government and the PLO responsibility for representation of the Palestinian people in the international arena, while prohibiting it from concluding international agreements that affect the status of the occupied territories. This situation is said to be accepted by the Palestinian population insofar as it is viewed as a temporary arrangement. ^{- 55 ] - -}

In March 2008 it was reported that the PA was working to increase the number of countries that recognize Palestine and that a PA representative had signed a bilateral agreement between the State of Palestine and Costa Rica. ^{- 56 ] - - A recent Al-Haq position paper said the reality is that the PA has entered into various agreements with international organizations and states. These instances of foreign relations undertaken by the PA signify that the Interim Agreement is part of a larger on-going peace process, and that the restrictions on the foreign policy operations of the PA conflict with the inalienable right of the Palestinian people to self-determination, now a norm with a nature of jus cogens, which includes a right to engage in international relations with other peoples.
^{- 57 ] - -}}

- Population

Palestinian people

- Communication

Communications in the Palestinian territories

- Transportation

Transport in the Palestinian territories

- See also

- Palestine portal

Outline of Palestine

Definitions of Palestine and Palestinian

Economy of the Palestinian territories

Israel and the apartheid analogy

Land of Israel

Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt

Occupation of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan

One-state solution Binational solution

Palestinian Environmental NGOs Network

Palestinian flag

Proposals for a Palestinian state

State of Palestine

Territorial dispute

United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Monitoring Program

Zionism

- References

Le More, Anne (2008). International assistance to the Palestinians after Oslo:political guilt, wasted money . Routledge studies on the Arab-Israeli conflict. 1 . London and New York:Routledge. p. 27. ISBN 9780415453851. -

^a ^b West Bank/Gaza (Occupied Palestinian Territories) Information". America-Mideast Educational and Training Services Inc. (AMIDEAST). http://www.amideast.org/westbank/country_info.htm -

Egypt Israel Armistice Agreement UN Doc S/1264/Corr.1 23 February 1949

Eyal Benvenisti, "The Origins of the Concept of Belligerent Occupation," Law and History Review Fall 2008 1 (30 Jun. 2009

UK Government Foreign Office dead link ] -

House of Commons International Development Committee - FINAL REPORT Vol I 26 Jan 2004" (PDF). http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200304/cmselect/cmintdev/230/230.pdf -

International Committee of the Red Cross dead link ] -

see for example:The Covenant of the Islamic Resistance Movement 18 August 1988

The British labour movement and Zionism, 1917-1948 . Routledge. 1983. p. 138. ISBN 9780714631622. "The Jewish people have always regarded, and will continue to regard Palestine as a whole, as a single country which is theirs in a national sense and will become theirs once again. No Jew will accept partition as a just and rightful solution." -

Chomsky, Noam (1999). Fateful triangle:the United States, Israel, and the Palestinians . South End Press. p. 161. ISBN 9780896086012. -

Shlaim, Avi (2008). The Iron Wall:Israel and the Arab World . Paw Prints. p. 670. ISBN 9781435295131. -

see for example:Open a Bible

The Likud—Platform states "The Government of Israel flatly rejects the establishment of a Palestinian Arab state west of the Jordan River. The Palestinians can run their lives freely in the framework of self-rule, but not as an independent and sovereign state."

From 'Occupied Territories' to 'Disputed Territories,' Dore Gold, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. http://www.jcpa.org/JCPA/Templates/ShowPage.asp?DBID=1&LNGID=1&TMID=111&FID=380&PID=1864&IID=1115]

http://untreaty.un.org/unts/144078_158780/11/6/4045.pdf

History, Civil Society Network on the Question of Palestine, Division for Palestinian Rights, United Nations.

British_mandate#Land_ownership_of_the_British_Mandate_of_Palestine

Alexander Safian, Can Arabs Buy Land in Israel?, Middle East Quarterly Volume IV, Number 4, December 1997;citing Moshe Aumann, Land Ownership in Palestine 1880 - 1948, Israel Academic Committee on the Middle East (undated, approximately 1970). The Negev statement is in Aumann.

Announcement in the UK House of Commons of the recognition of the State of Israel and also of the annexation of the West Bank by the State of Jordan. Commons Debates (Hansard) 5th series, Vol 474, pp1137-1141. April 27, 1950. scan (PDF)

Palestinian National Charter, 1964

Khartoum Resolutions". Mideastweb.org. 1967-06-19. http://www.mideastweb.org/khartoum.htm -

USAID West Bank/Gaza". Usaid.gov.

West Bank and Gaza - Strategic Objective:294-001" (PDF). http://www.usaid.gov/policy/budget/cbj2005/ane/pdf/294-001.pdf -

British Jewish group sparks outrage with Gaza blockade criticism dead link ] -

Gaza’s Future, Henry Siegman, London Review of Books". Lrb.co.uk. http://www.lrb.co.uk/v30/n03/sieg01_.html -

Bay of Pigs in Gaza, Tom Segev, Haaretz

Suzanne Goldenberg in Washington. US plotted to overthrow Hamas after election victory, Suzanne Goldenberg, The". Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/mar/04/usa.israelandthepalestinians -

The Gaza Bombshell, David Rose, Vanity Fair, April 2008, page 3". Vanityfair.com. 2009-10-20. http://www.vanityfair.com/politics/features/2008/04/gaza200804?currentPage=3 -

See the text of UN Security Council Resolution 1860 (2009)". Un.org. 2009-01-08. http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/sc9567.doc.htm -

Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention:Declaration, Dec 5, 2001, UN website.

Israeli Settlements and International Law, Israel Foreign Ministry website, 5/4/01, accessed 12/18/07. (Scroll down to paragraph that begins "Politically, the West Bank and Gaza Strip is best regarded as."

Occupied Territories" to "Disputed Territories" by Dore Gold, Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs , January 16, 2002.

Occupation, Colonialism, Apartheid?, Human Sciences Research Council, May 2009, page 71

Foreign Missions in Israel -Continents". Mfa.gov.il. 2007-05-30. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Sherut/ForeignInIsrael/Continents/ -

Department of the Official Report (Hansard), House of Commons, Westminster. House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 10 May 2002 (pt 11)". Parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk. http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/cm020510/text/20510w11.htm -

2 dead link ] -

Conference of High Contracting Parties to the Fourth Geneva Convention:Declaration - Switzerland text/Non-UN document (5 December 2001)". Unispal.un.org. http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/85255e950050831085255e95004fa9c3/8fc4f064b9be5bad85256c1400722951?OpenDocument -

Foreign relations of the United States, 1949. The Near East, South Asia, and Africa Volume VI, page 878 President Trutman to King A bdullah Ibn'el-Hussein of Transjordan". Digicoll.library.wisc.edu. http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/FRUS/FRUS-idx?type=turn&entity=FRUS.FRUS1949v06.p0894&id=FRUS.FRUS1949v06&isize=M -

Remarks by Pres. Clinton, 1/7/01. (Full transcript available at:cnn transcript

Tony Blair press conference, 4/17/04, UK Foreign Office official website, including comments on compromising on settlements, accessed 7/12/07. (scroll down to question that begins with the phrase, "But Mr Sharon sees a final settlement."

Review of Dennis Ross book, BY RAY HANANIA, hanania.com, 8/16/04, accessed 7/11/07.

The Question of Palestine and the United Nations - PDF - , published by the United Nations Department of Public Information, March 2003. UN Brochure DPI/2276. Online, chapters are in PDF format.

Palestine under the Ottoman Rule The Ottoman Palestine Pictures

Coordinates :

Map Latitude : 31°53′N - Longitude : 35°12′E - 31.883°N 35.2°E - 31.883;35.2 - -

Palestinian_territories General Information and Updated References

Phones and Dial Codes

Phones in Palestine Search a mobile in the phone companies and stores. PS Phone Book and Yellow Pages. List by City, Name, Number, Company. Internet Services and WebSites. 970 Code for international phone calls, whatsapp and text messages. PSE

Covid in Palestine

Coronavirus covid-19 in Palestine, Cases 578,424, Deaths 5,166, Rate (0.89%), Date 2022-02-08 04:21:15 - Map of Coronavirus in the World. Total 393,934,458 cases of COVID-19 and 5,722,382 deaths. Updated information by country. Source : national health authorities and World Health Organization (WHO). 2022-02-08 04:21:15

Symptoms

Symptoms of the coronavirus disease : fever, dry cough, difficulty breathing, headache, slight runny nose, shortness of breath. If you have these symptoms, seek medical care to check your condition. Circulatory system : decreased white blood cells. Kidneys : decreased function.

Coronavirus in Basic protective measures against the new coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak.
How to take care of your health and protect others ?
Wash your hands frequently and regularly with soap and water. Keep your hands clean with an alcohol-based hand rub. Washing your hands kills viruses that may be there.

Avoid touching eyes, nose, mouth and face. Because hands touch many surfaces and can get contaminated with viruses and transfer it to your eyes, nose or mouth. And the virus can enter your body and can make you sick.
Covering your mouth and nose with a tissue or your bent elbow, when you cough or sneeze, and dispose of the used tissue immediately.
Safe greetings and handshaking.
Maintain social distancing at least 1 metre (3 feet) distance between yourself and anyone else who is coughing or sneezing. When people coughs or sneezes can spray small liquid droplets from their nose or mouth which may contain virus.
Good respiratory hygiene. Protect the people around you from viruses such as cold, flu and COVID-19.
Stay home if you have a fever, cough and difficulty breathing, seek medical attention only if required, to protect you and help prevent spread of viruses and other infections.
Avoid contact with others and visits to medical facilities.
Stay aware of the latest information with official sources from the national and local public health authority.
Avoid to travel to prevent possible spread of COVID-19 and other viruses.
Avoid spitting in public places.
Protect yourself and others from getting sick
Practice food safety.
Stay healthy with good nutrition.

There are some vaccines and medicines recommended to prevent or treat the covid.

Situation Dashboard. Official Report of Cases by Country. Information and Videos on Social Networks : Youtube Facebook Twitter Instagram Linkedin

How to protect yourself and others agaist Coronavirus ?

What is COVID ? Covid means Coronavirus Disease.

The first cases of this virus was detected win Wuhan, China, but in few months was found in most of the countries. Check the total of cases and deaths by country and state.

Medical supplies recommended to protect themselves and others. Used by health personal : Hand sanitizer, gloves, masks, gowns, goggles.

Map of Covid-19 Coronavirus pandemic - Source : WHO. World Health Organization. Technical Guidance and Global research. Alert. See updated information by country.

Coronavirus - Covid-19, Casos y Muertes, Medidas de Salud. Teléfonos de Información. Datos Actualizados.

Palestine : Gaza, West Bank

Palestine Elections in Palestine - Electoral and Voters Information.

Palestine Government Institutions Palestine. Online Services

Palestine Maps Map of Palestine

Palestine Find Phones Mobile Phone in Palestine - Phone Numbers. Telephone Guide

Search Palestine

Directory Palestine - Find more information and details

Search Palestine :

Find Phones in Palestine. Mobile Phone Companies. Phone Numbers. Internet Guide.

How can I find people in Palestine? Use the list of telephones services to search phone numbers in Palestine. -

Where to search mobile phone numbers in Palestine? - Use the list of mobile services to locate the phone operator and special dial codes of Palestine.

Where to find the area codes for the cities in Palestine? The directory includes a list of City Dial Codes for Palestine. Use the Palestine phone services to find more information for the cities in Palestine.

Where to find white pages in Palestine? Use the white pages section to find free information about people. Find phone numbers, address, names and other information very helpful to locate people.

Where can I search business in Palestine? The yellow pages of Palestine can be used to Locate for business and other professional services. Phone Numbers, Address and more. - List with telephone numbers to find phone information about people or business.

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